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After Italian unification the next year, the Bourbon dynasty in Italy was no more. Upon the fall of the French Empire, Ferdinand I was restored to his throne in Naples, forming the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816 and founding the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. His subjects revolted in 1820 and he was forced to grant a constitution; Austria invaded in March 1821 at his request and revoked the constitution. He was succeeded by his son, Francis I, in 1825 and by his grandson, Ferdinand II, in 1830. A revolution in Sicily erupted in January 1848 and Ferdinand was also forced to grant a constitution.
Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal
The bar was built in an old Savannah-style townhouse, further lending it a touch of the deep South. Try something different here like the Elijah Craig or Four Roses Small Batches offered on the menu. The former is used to make the Bourbon peach tea, which also includes lemon, basil, amaretto and pearls. It's actually considered a cocktail for two, so make sure to enjoy it with company.
The Far Bar
Order the Whiskey Sour, made with a Jefferson Small Batch Bourbon, lemon, egg white, and bitters, to get a taste of one of them. Sit at the wooden bar and sip a bourbon cocktail of choice to soak in the vintage, retro ambiance of the place, a welcome change from the trendy bars and eateries of the surrounding Silver Lake area. Customers rave about the bartenders here, as not only do they make killer cocktails, but they are also helpful and friendly to customers, encouraging a warm, lively atmosphere. Enjoy a delightful dinner and browse the selection of drinks, including bourbon cocktails like a classic Penicillin, plus a barrel-aged drink called Boulevardier. The Penicillin is made with Glenfiddich 14 Bourbon Barrel Reserve, while the Boulevardier contains a mix of Old Forester Bourbon, Campari, and Carpano Antica Formula. Make sure to specify that you want the barrel-aged Boulevardier, as there is another cocktail on the list by the same name.
I kicked things off with a $22 Peach Bourbon Smash cocktail.
Although illegitimate, the House of Braganza traces it's line to the House of Capet via their descent from Robert II of France through the First House of Burgundy, then through the Portuguese House of Burgundy. Peter I of Portugal fathered an illegitimate son John I of Portugal, founder of the House of Aviz who in turn fathered an illegitimate son named Afonso, who in turn founded the extant House of Braganza. The Bourbon dynasty seemed finished in Spain as in the rest of the world, but it would be resurrected. The Second Spanish Republic was overthrown in the Spanish Civil War, leading to the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. He named Juan Carlos de Borbón, a grandson of Alfonso XIII, his successor in 1969.
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He examines the establishment of the French absolutist monarchy and its growing influence in Europe as French became the language of the European elite and French art and culture were without equal on the Continent. The title of duc de Bourbon passed in 1503 to Charles de Bourbon-Montpensier, who was to become famous as constable of France. His later treason led to the confiscation of his lands by the French crown in the year of his death, 1527. Headship of the house of Bourbon then passed to the line of La Marche–Vendôme. The children of Philippe's brother, Charles, Duke of Berry (all of whom died in infancy), were given the surname "d'Alençon". He was Duke of Berry only in name, so the surname of his children was taken from his first substantial duchy.
The contribution of Philippe Delorme and Patrick Germain, French historians, in making this investigation possible by acting as contact with the Royal families and by providing historical background is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the three living paternal relatives of the House of Bourbon for their donation of DNA samples. We also thank the three anonymous referees for their valuable comments on an earlier version of their manuscript. MHDL is a postdoctoral fellow of the FWO-Vlaanderen (Research Foundation-Flanders).
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From Louis IX to Louis XIV
The crowns of Naples and Sicily remained functionally separate, albeit often ruled by the same monarch, until their formal union in 1816. Isabella, who would have preferred to marry Don Enrique, spent conspicuously long periods apart from her consort and behaved indiscreetly with other men. When she bore a son in 1857, ill-wishers had little difficulty in casting doubts on his paternity. Those doubts served the purposes of the extreme Carlists when the male line of Don Carlos died out in 1936, because they could argue that Isabella’s male descendants were not those of Don Francisco de Asis—whose issue, under Salic Law, would have been the next male heirs.
The Carlist pretender Don Carlos, who returned to Spain, was defeated and resumed his exile in February 1876. Alfonso granted a new constitution in July 1876 that was more liberal than the one granted by his grandmother. When Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Naples in 1860, Francis restored the constitution in an attempt to save his sovereignty. He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was besieged and captured by the Piedmontese troops in February 1861. His kingdom was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, after the fall the fortress of Messina (surrendered on 12 March), although the Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted three days longer.
Louis died on 1 September 1715 ending his seventy-two-year reign, the longest in European history. The period from 1576 to 1584 was relatively calm in France, with the Huguenots consolidating control of much of the south with only occasional interference from the royal government. Extended civil war erupted again in 1584, when François, Duke of Anjou, younger brother of King Henry III of France, died, leaving Navarre next in line for the throne. Thus began the War of the Three Henrys, as Henry of Navarre, Henry III, and the ultra-Catholic leader, Henry of Guise, fought a confusing three-cornered struggle for dominance. After Henry III was assassinated on 31 July 1589, Navarre claimed the throne as the first Bourbon king of France, Henry IV.
His abdication in 1724 made way for the brief reign of his eldest son Luis I (1707–1724; reigned 9 February–31 August 1724). Luis's marriage to the French princess Luisa Isabel of Orleans (1709–1742) had not produced children before the young sovereign's death so Philip V was able to resume his kingship without difficulty, despite the constitutional scruples raised by his return. Louis XIV succeeded his father at four years of age;[2] he would go on to become the most powerful king in French history. His mother Anne served as his regent with her favorite Jules, Cardinal Mazarin, as chief minister. When Louis was age 7, Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy became governor of the young king.[12] The main childhood places of Louis XIV were the Palais-Royal and the nearby Hôtel de Villeroy.
In 1700, at the death of King Charles II of Spain, the Spanish Habsburgs became extinct in the male line. Under the will of the childless Charles II, the second grandson of King Louis XIV of France was named as his successor, to preclude the union of the thrones of France and Spain. The Spanish House of Bourbon (rendered in Spanish as Borbón [boɾˈβon]) has been overthrown and restored several times, reigning 1700–1808, 1813–1868, 1875–1931, and since 1975. Bourbons ruled in Naples from 1734 to 1806 and in Sicily from 1735 to 1816, and in a unified Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1816 to 1861.
Bourbon aficionados, head to The Double Barrel for some truly rare and vintage whiskeys unlikely to be found elsewhere. Keep in mind, this isn't a drop-in bar for a nightcap; reservations are required, each with a minimum spend of $100. Located in The Maybourne Beverly Hills, one of the most upscale hotels in the area code, this bar caters to old fashioned bourbon drinkers. It's a place for those who like to mix bourbon drinks with a quality cigar (the on-site humidor is home to over 1,000), and happens to be one of the only places in otherwise smoke-free Beverly Hills where patrons can sit and have a cigar. Virtually nonexistent 15 years ago, the subcategory has risen the ranks to establish itself as one of the more lauded regions of production in the US.
His grandson, Henri d'Artois, being merely a Grandson of France, would use the surname until his death. When Philippe, grandson of Louis XIV, became King of Spain as Philip V, he gave up his French titles. However, since that surname was not heritable for descendants of rank lower than Son of France, and since Philippe had already given up his French titles, his descendants simply took the name of their royal house as their surname ("de Bourbon", rendered in Spanish as "de Borbón"). After the fall of Napoleon, Napoleon's wife, Maria Louisa, was made Duchess of Parma. As compensation, Charles Louis, the former king of Etruria, was made the Duke of Lucca.
Walk into the dimly lit bar on the second floor and ask one of the extremely knowledgeable bartenders for their cocktail recommendation. Spanning neighborhoods from downtown Los Angeles to El Segundo to Pasadena and Long Beach, no matter where someone lives in LA, there's likely a great bourbon bar in the vicinity. From speakeasies and hidden bars to vintage locations, choose one and sink into a leather armchair, sip a cocktail, and enjoy a completely different side of the city. “There are only two bottles known in existence, and we actually have both of them,” says Justin Sloan, the co-owner, along with friend Justin Thompson, of Lexington, Ky.’s year-and-a-half-old specialty American whiskey store-slash-museum, Justins’ House of Bourbon.
Like his Italian Bourbon counterpart, his subjects revolted against him in January 1820 and he was forced to grant a constitution. Ferdinand married his fourth wife, Maria Christina, the daughter of Francis I, the Bourbon king of the Two Sicilies, in 1829. Despite his many marriages he did not have a son, so in 1833 he was influenced by his wife to abolish the Salic Law so that their daughter, Isabella, could become queen depriving his brother, Don Carlos, of the throne. A temporary Third Republic was established, while monarchists waited for the comte de Chambord to die and for the succession to pass to Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, who was willing to accept the tricolour. Henri lived until 1883, by which time public opinion had come to accept the republic as the "form of government that divides us least." His death without issue marked the extinction of the main line of the French Bourbons. Thus the head of the House of Bourbon became Juan, Count of Montizón of the Spanish line of the house who was also Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain, and had become the senior male of the dynasty by primogeniture.
Robert de Clermont had married the heiress of the lordship of Bourbon (Bourbon-l’Archambault, in the modern département of Allier). This lordship was made a duchy for his son Louis I in 1327 and so gave its name to the dynasty. From this duchy, the nucleus of the future province of Bourbonnais, the elder Bourbons, mainly through marriages, expanded their territory southeastward and southward.
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